Lithium polymer batteries are one of the best things that ever happened to electric RC flight. With their huge capacities, high energy density, and low weight, they’re a huge step forward from the NiCd and NiMh batteries used before. Lithium polymer batteries are great, but how exactly do they work? A modern Thunder Power lithium polymer battery is the result of over a hundred years of technological innovation, and it’s useful to have an understanding of what goes in to these amazing devices.

Batteries In General – How They Work

Before taking a look at what makes lithium polymer batteries special, we need an understanding of how batteries work in general. So, whats a battery? A battery is an array of electrochemical cells, wired together in series or in parallel. Each electrochemical cell can be thought of as a device which can “pump” charge. By wiring the individual cells together, we obtain an efficient device which can move electrical current in the way we need it to. Each electrochemical cell actually consists of 2 “half-cells”. The half cells are connected by what is called a “salt-bridge”, an electrolyte which allows ions to travel through it. The cell is constructed out of materials such that electrons want to travel from one half cell to another. Eelectrons flow into the cell at the cathode (positive electrode) and flow out at the anode (negative electrode). The electrolyte permits this travel, and the net result is whats called a potential difference between the cell terminals.

Electric potential is really just a fancy word for a simple concept: the amount of energy that a certain amount of charge contains. Think of it like this: if the wires to each cell were water pipes, and the cell was a pump, the potential would be the pressure in the pipes. Potential is usually measured in a unit called the volt. One volt corresponds to one joule of energy (about the energy needed to lift an apple 3.2 feet), per 1 coulomb of charge. A coulomb is simply a number of electrons (6.241506 × 10^18), the negatively charged particles which carry current.

It’s here that we see the first important advantage that lithium polymer batteries have over other types. Each lithium polymer cell can produce up to 4.2 volts. Other battery designs, like nickle metal hydride (NiMH) and nickel cadmium (NiCd) only give a maximum of 1.2 volts. From this we can see that you need fewer lithium polymer cells than NiCd or NiMh cells to produce the same voltage.

Besides maintaining a potential difference between the positive and negative terminals, a battery also
has to be able to maintain that potential difference for a set amount of time. The reason that we have to charge batteries is that over time, each chemical cell reaches equilibrium. At equilibrium, no ions want to travel between the half cells, and so no potential difference is created. With rechargeable batteries, sending a current through the cell reverses this process, so it can be used again.

Every battery has a capacity associated with it. Capacity measures the amount of charge that the battery can provide, usually given in milliamp hours. Think of amps as measuring the rate that charge travels at. 1 Amp corrosponds to 1 coulomb of charge moving per second. Because a coulomb is such a large measure of current (comparable to that found in lightening strikes), RC aircraft batteries use milliamps (thousandths of an amp) to measure current. Because amps measure the rate of charge, multiplying the current in amps by the time the battery operates gives us the total charge that the battery can move. This is expressed as follows:

If the capacity is known, we can find the time the battery can operate by dividing by the current. From the above equation:

In summary, batteries have two primary, defining quantities. The voltage, or potential difference, measures how much energy per unit charge the battery provides. The capacity measures how much current the battery can provide, or the time that the battery can operate while a given current is being drawn.

Lithium Polymer Batteries – Some Terms Explained

There are a few naming conventions and terms that the RC community has adopted, which express the number of cells in a pack, how they are wired, and how fast the pack can be discharged. The “C” is a common unit, which tells how long it takes to discharge the battery in fractions of an hour. For example, discharging a pack at 1 C would take 1 hour, at 2 C it would take a half and hour, and so on. If we take a 3000 mAh battery and discharge it at a rate of 3000 mA, it will take 1 hour and the battery will be discharging at a rate of 1 C. You get the charge / discharge rate in C by dividing the capacity by the current.

Every lithium polymer battery consists of cells wired in series and parallel, and the number of each is specified on the pack. The naming convention looks like “XSYP” where X is the number of cells in the pack, and Y is the number wired in parallel. As an example, a 4S3P battery would have 4 cells in series, and 3 in parallel, giving 12 total.

RCToys.com has a huge selection of lithium polymer batteries, and the chargers, balancers, and power supplies needed to use them.

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Identification Constable Marc Sharpe of the Kenora Identification Services Unit, Ontario Provincial Police with Draganflyer X6.

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (PRWEB) March 26, 2009 — From the pages of Popular Science Magazine’s “Top 100 Innovations of the Year“, Draganfly Innovations’ Draganflyer X6 UAV RC Helicopter has made the significant leap to commercial utilization.

The six-rotor, one kilogram, electric, VTOL, UAV helicopter designed for aerial photography and videography was used by the Forensic Identification Unit of the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) on February 21, 2009 to collect evidence in a homicide investigation in a remote area outside of Kenora, Ontario, Canada. This represented the first operational mission of a federally approved, commercially produced Unmanned Aerial Vehicle by an emergency service in North America.

Then, in March, 2009, the Saskatoon Police Service announced that it will follow suit, becoming the first urban police service in North America to utilize the Draganflyer X6 Police UAV for aerial forensic purposes within city limits.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles such as Draganfly’s Draganflyer X6 helicopter are subject to Transport Canada aviation regulations. Prior to the Saskatoon Police Service being able to test the Draganflyer X6, Transport Canada officials were in Saskatoon for a flight demonstration, to undertake their standard risk assessment testing, and discuss technical issues with Draganfly Innovations.

Under the Special Flight Operations Certificate granted by Transport Canada, Draganfly Innovations personnel will operate the Draganflyer X6 Police UAV Helicopter while Saskatoon Police Service personnel will operate the cameras used for forensic support.

The use of UAVs goes back to the 1950′s with the military, but only recently has it evolved into police applications. One of the innovators was Identification Constable Marc Sharpe of the Kenora Identification Services unit of the Ontario Provincial Police.

The Ontario Provincial Police's Draganflyer X6 UAV helicopter captures high resolution aerial photographs of major case scenes. The Draganflyer X6's onboard camera has remote controlled zoom, tilt and shutter. Typically, one police officer controls the UAV and another operates the camera controls.

“Having used a fixed wing UAV since 2007, I could see the potential for great benefits to our forensic support operations. It gave us the ability to collect aerial evidence quickly and at minimum cost,” states Sharpe. “However, it also became apparent that in order to improve and expand operational effectiveness, an optimal UAV would need certain attributes. It would need to be small and light, have Vertical Take Off and Landing VTOL capabilities, have a GPS hold system while hovering, be constructed of exceptionally strong materials and be completely transportable.”

The Draganflyer X6 met all Sharpe’s requirements for a Police VTOL UAV. Sharpe continued, “The Draganflyer X6 enables us to economically obtain high quality aerial photos of major case scenes in a timely fashion.”

About Draganfly Innovations Inc.:
Draganfly Innovations Inc. has been manufacturing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles including radio controlled helicopters, airplanes, and airships for the past eleven years. From toys to industrial tools for police and military, Draganfly Innovations Inc. strives for optimum performance and ease of use. Draganfly’s innovative products have been featured on CNN Headline News, MSNBC, Discovery Channel, and in magazines and newspapers such as Popular Science, Popular Mechanics, Gizmodo.com, WIRED, GQ, Stuff, Maxim, The New York Times, and The London Times. All Draganflyer helicopters, including the new Draganflyer X6 are exclusively available from Draganfly Innovations Inc.

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The Draganflyer X6 UAV Helicopter is being featured at this year’s Wired Magazine LivingHome 2.0 at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry. The exhibit is called: Smart Home: Green + Wired, Powered by ComEd and opens TODAY, March 19, 2009. The home-designed by Michelle Kaufmann Designs™ and built by All-American Homes™- also focuses on what the future may bring to consumers. New and unique home technologies are on display, courtesy of WIRED magazine.

» See the Draganflyer X6 at the Wired Home.

Chicago’s Museum of Science and Industry exhibit Smart Home: Green + Wired, Powered by ComEd allows guests to tour a functioning three-story, modular and sustainable “green” home that highlights unique eco-friendly technologies and products for the 21st century.

The freshly updated exhibit home will be open from March 19, 2009 through Jan. 3, 2010 and is proudly sponsored by ComEd, Dominick’s and the Motorola Foundation.

“Smart” technologies like the Draganflyer X6 are incorporated throughout the WIRED home, including a full-home automation system that allows homeowners to control heat, lighting, window coverings, security sensors, and video cameras. A touch-screen tracks electricity consumption in the WIRED LivingHome on a real-time basis and compares it with the energy production from wind and solar power. The technologies will demonstrate how a home can inspire lifestyle choices and be equipped to save resources while residents are away, as well as keep a home and its occupants protected.

The Draganflyer X6 UAV helicopter is a “Smart” and green technology because it is safe, very quiet, a zero emissions vehicle, electric powered, small & compact, and lightweight. The Draganflyer X6 is a revolutionary GPS guided, hi-definition, aerial video and digital photography platform used by photographers, the movie industry, police, and other professionals.

Visit the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry’s Web site to purchase tickets.

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Phone: 1-800-979-9794 / 306-955-9907
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On Aug 26, 2008, Gizmodo was the first to announce the Draganflyer X6 to the world. See Gizmodo’s X6 post here. Now Gizmodo is featuring the Draganflyer X6 in the Gizmodo Gallery. The Gizmodo Gallery features “contemporary marvels, homemade wundergear and pieces of history”.

Gizmodo Gallery runs December 4th to 7th, 2008 in New York, NY. See the Draganflyer X6 Gizmodo Gallery Feature.

Thursday, Dec 4, 2008
noon – 8:00pm

Friday, Dec 5, 2008
noon – 8:00pm

Saturday, Dec 6, 2008
11:00am – 8:00pm

Sunday, Dec 7, 2008
11:00am – 4:00pm

Gizmodo Gallery
Reed Annex
151 Orchard Street
New York, NY 10002

Attend via Webcam
See what’s going on from the comfort of your chair by logging into the Gizmodo Gallery Live Streaming Webcam.

What else is at Gizmodo Gallery?
A ton of cool stuff! See the complete list of Gizmodo gallery items.

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Phone: 1-800-979-9794 / 306-955-9907
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Draganflyer X6 helicopter wins the Popular Science Best of What’s New 2008 award in the Aviation & Space category. The Draganflyer X6 helicopter is a remotely controlled unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed to carry a wireless video camera.

For 20 years, Popular Science’s Best of What’s New awards honor the innovations that make a positive impact on life today and change our views of the future PopSci’s editors evaluate thousands of products each year to develop this thoughtful list, there’s no higher accolade Popular Science can give

The Draganflyer X6 RC Helicopter has just been announced as a winner of the Best of What’s New 2008 Award in the Aviation & Space category. This award acknowledges the Draganflyer X6 as a breakthrough product representing a significant leap forward in technology in its class. Each year thousands of new and innovative products are considered for this award. Winners are selected based on the potential to improve our way of life or to change the way we think about the future.

Why the Draganflyer X6 Won:
The Draganflyer X6 is a six-rotor electric helicopter designed to carry a high-resolution wireless video camera for uses such as industrial inspection, military reconnaissance, and aerial photography. Measuring 36 inches (99cm) across, the Draganflyer X6 helicopter weighs 2.2lb (1kg). What makes the Draganflyer X6 helicopter special is the advanced technology that controls its flight and allows it to be piloted with minimal training. Unlike conventional remotely operated helicopters, the Draganflyer X6 will hover stably even with the pilot’s hands removed from the controls. A conventional remote control helicopter would crash under the same conditions, requiring constant user input for stability (flying a conventional RC helicopter has been described as being similar to balancing a basketball on the end of a broomstick). The advanced technology used in the Draganflyer X6 helicopter consists of eleven sensors monitored by an onboard processor running over 10,000 lines of code. The sensors include three accelerometers, three gyroscopes, three magnetometers, one barometric (air pressure) sensor, and a GPS receiver. The Draganflyer X6 determines its orientation and position, easily moving where the operator directs it, handling all of the complex attitude and altitude adjustments on its own.

Draganflyer X6 Helicopter, Best of What’s New Winner, Aviation & Space

About Best of What’s New:
Best of What’s New awards are presented each year to the top 100 products in 11 categories. “For 20 years, Popular Science’s Best of What’s New awards honor the innovations that make a positive impact on life today and change our views of the future,” says Mark Jannot, Editor-in-Chief of Popular Science. “PopSci’s editors evaluate thousands of products each year to develop this thoughtful list, there’s no higher accolade Popular Science can give”. Other Best of What’s New 2008 award winners in the category of Aviation & Space include the NASA Mars Lander and the Boeing Advanced Tactical Laser.

Draganflyer X6 Helicopter Features:
The Draganflyer X6 helicopter features an optional GPS hold function that allows it to maintain its position in the air, freeing the pilot to focus on other tasks such as aerial photography. The Draganflyer X6 helicopter uses interchangeable cameras: A 1080p high-definition video camera, a low light video camera, a thermal infrared camera, and a high-resolution digital still camera. A viewfinder signal is transmitted wirelessly from the helicopter, received by an embedded video receiver in the handheld controller and displayed on video glasses, allowing the user to see what the helicopter sees. The camera mount can be tilted by remote control.

How to Get the PopSci Best of What’s New Issue:
All of the Best of What’s New 2008 winners can be viewed in the December issue of Popular Science available now.

Industrial 6-Rotor Unmanned Helicopter Provides High Definition Wireless Video and High Resolution Photographs

Draganfly Innovations releases the Draganflyer X6 helicopter. This remotely operated, unmanned, miniature helicopter is designed to carry wireless video cameras and still cameras.

The ease with which this helicopter can be piloted is the most revolutionary feature of the Draganflyer X6

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (PRWEB) August 27, 2008, Draganfly Innovations announced the launch of the Draganflyer X6 helicopter, a miniature aircraft for commercial/industrial aerial video and photography. The Draganflyer X6 helicopter is easy to fly, capable of operating autonomously, and has an appearance that is nothing like a conventional helicopter. The unique design utilizes six main horizontal rotor blades and allows the Draganflyer X6 helicopter to hover efficiently and maneuver rapidly using differential thrust.

Draganflyer X6 Helicopter

Remotely controlled aircraft are available for many purposes, and most fall into a class somewhere between toys and the high quality models piloted by hobbyists. Beyond this class is a large gap approaching the point where full size aircraft must be used to achieve tasks such as commercial photography and industrial inspection. In the past this gap was filled by model aircraft with additional equipment grafted on, which required skilled and trained pilots to operate. Draganfly Innovations has created a better alternative; a purpose built self-stabilizing multiple rotor helicopter specifically designed for filming high definition video and photographing high-resolution aerial pictures.

The Draganflyer X6 is a fully functional miniature unmanned electric powered helicopter. Aimed at industrial and commercial use, it provides reconnaissance and inspection information using on-board wireless video and still cameras. The Draganflyer X6 helicopter is able to fly autonomously or can be flown manually by remote control. The Draganflyer X6 helicopter achieves its stability by using an on-board processor running more than ten thousand lines of code and receiving data from eleven on-board sensors (three gyros, three accelerometers, three magnetometers, one barometric pressure sensor, and one GPS receiver). It can be piloted by users with minimal or zero training. The Draganflyer X6 helicopter determines its own orientation and motion and moves where the operator instructs it, automatically handling the complex attitude and altitude adjustments that would ordinarily require a practiced pilot. “The ease with which this helicopter can be piloted is the most revolutionary feature of the Draganflyer X6″ says company president, Zenon Dragan.

The Draganflyer X6 helicopter can be put into GPS hold mode where it will maintain its position without any user input. This means that after activating GPS hold, the pilot can set the handheld controller on the ground while the Draganflyer X6 helicopter flies itself. This mode will allow the user to focus on other tasks such as aerial photography from the Draganflyer X6 helicopter.

The Draganflyer X6 helicopter uses interchangeable cameras, covering different areas of use. A high definition video camera provides 1080p resolution. For dawn and dusk use, there is a low light (0.0001lux) video camera. For night use or search and rescue, the thermal FLIR (Forward Looking Infra-Red) camera provides heat vision. High-resolution photographs can be captured with the 10.1 mega-pixel digital still camera. When using any of the camera modules, a viewfinder video signal is streamed wirelessly back to the operator for real-time viewing on video glasses. The camera mount tilts by remote control, and the helicopter can pan side to side or in a circle.

The Draganflyer X6 helicopter uses six custom designed high efficiency carbon fiber rotors and direct drive brushless motors which result in a quiet and maintenance free helicopter. The Draganflyer X6 helicopter weighs 1kg and has a payload capacity of 500 grams.

Durability and safety have been incorporated into the design of the Draganflyer X6 helicopter. With dual motors on each of the three arms, even if an in-flight collision causes one of the motors or rotors to stop working, the Draganflyer X6 helicopter will still be able to keep flying using the remaining five motors. This ability to fly with a missing motor or rotor is not found in any other comparable helicopter. Other safety features include bright LED navigation lights for safe flying at a distance or in darkness, and automatic self-landing if the radio link controlling the helicopter is lost. An on-board flight recorder (black box) stores telemetry and flight data in a removable memory card, and can be used for post flight analysis.

The Draganflyer X6 helicopter is flown using a custom designed handheld controller with a 2.8″ color OLED touchscreen that displays telemetry and flight data. The handheld controller also receives streaming video sent by the Draganflyer X6 helicopter and passes this to the video goggles, enabling the operator to view what the helicopter is seeing while also keeping an eye on the helicopter itself.

Additional information, pictures, and videos are available from the Draganfly Innovations web site: www.draganfly.com

Every RC model airplane transmitter has a mode of operation, which defines which sticks control different surfaces. This article will illustrate the differences between them.

Mode 4 Transmitter

On a mode 4 transmitter, ailerons and throttle are controlled with the left stick and rudder and elevator are controlled with the right stick.

Mode 3 Transmitter

On a mode three transmitter, ailerons and elevator are controlled with the left stick and rudder and throttle are controlled with the right stick.

Mode 2 Transmitter

On a mode two transmitter, throttle and rudder are controlled with the left stick, and ailerons and elevator are controlled with the right stick.

Mode 1 Transmitter

On a mode one transmitter, elevator and rudder are controlled with the left stick, and throttle and ailerons are controlled with the right stick.

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